Ravens

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven’s Matrices) or RPM, is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test takers reasoning ability or, (“meaning-making”) component of Spearman’s g, which is often referred to as general intelligence. The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936. In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix, giving the test its name.